Diseases of the Nervous System

• Brain development disorders
  • Intellectual disability
  • Global developmental delay
• Structural developmental disorders
  • Congenital hydrocephalus
  • Neural tube defects
  • Segmentation, cleavage and midline defects
    • Holoprosencephaly
    • Septo-optic dysplasia
    • Agenesis of the corpus callosum
    • Arrhinencephaly
  • Neuronal migration defects
    • Lissencephaly
    • Periventricular nodular heterotopia
    •  Polymicrogyria
    •  Ulegyria
    •  Megalencephaly
    • Hemimegalencephaly
  • Posterior fossa anomalies
    • Arnold-Chiari malformation
    • Dandy-Walker malformation
    • Joubert's syndrome
    • Moebius syndrome
  • Abnormalities of the skull and spine
    • Craniosynostosis
    • Dwarfism
    • Deformities of the base of the skull and neck
      • Platybasia
      • Osteogenesis imperfecta
      • Hajdu-Cheney syndrome
      • Klippel-Feil anomaly
      • Occipitalisation of the Atlas
• Communication disorders
  • Language disorders
  • Phonological disorders
  • Childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering)
  • Social communication disorder (pragmatic)
• Autism spectrum disorder
• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• Specific learning disabilities
  • Reading difficulties
  • Difficulties in written expression
  • Mathematical difficulty
• Motor disorders
  • Developmental coordination disorder
  • Stereotyped movement disorder
  • Tourette's Disorder
  • Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tics
  • Transient tics
• Spectrum of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
  • Schizotypal (personality) disorder
  • Delusional disorder
  • Brief psychotic disorder
  • Schizophreniform disorder
  • Schizophrenia
  • Schizoaffective disorder
  • Substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder
  • Psychotic disorder due to another pathology
  • Catatonia
• Bipolar disorder and related disorders
  • Bipolar I disorder
  • Bipolar II disorder
  • Cyclothymic disorder
  • Bipolar and related substance/medication-induced disorder
• Depressive disorders
  • Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
  • Major depressive disorder
  • Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
  • Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
  • Substance/medication-induced depressive disorder
• Anxiety disorders
  • Separation anxiety disorder
  • Selective mutism
  • Specific phobia
  • Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
  • Panic disorder
  • Agoraphobia
  • Generalised anxiety disorder
  • Substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder
• Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder
  • Body dysmorphic disorder
  • Hoarding disorder
  • Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)
  • Excoriation disorder (scratching of the skin)
  • Substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Trauma-related disorders and stressors
  • Reactive attachment disorder
  • Disinhibited social relationship disorder
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder
  • Acute stress disorder
  • Adjustment disorders
• Dissociative disorders
  • Dissociative identity disorder
  • Dissociative amnesia
  • Depersonalisation/derealisation disorder
• Somatic symptom disorders and related disorders
  • Somatic symptom disorder
  • Illness anxiety disorder
  • Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)
  • Factitious disorder
• Eating and food intake disorders
  • Pica
  • Rumination disorder
  • Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake disorder
  • Anorexia nervosa
  • Bulimia nervosa
  • Binge eating disorder
• Excretion disorders
  • Enuresis
  • Encopresis
• Sleep-wake circadian rhythm disorders
  • Insomnia
  • Hypersomnia
  • Narcolepsy
  • Breathing-related sleep disorders
    • Obstructive sleep apnoea
    • Central sleep apnoea
    • Sleep-related hypoventilation
  • Disorders of the circadian sleep-wake rhythm
  • Parasomnias
• Sexual dysfunctions
  • Delayed ejaculation
  • Premature ejaculation
  • Erectile disorder
  • Female orgasmic disorder
  • Genitopelvic pain/penetration disorder
  • Hypoactive sexual desire disorder in males
  • Substance/medication-induced sexual dysfunction
• Gender dysphoria

Disruptive, impulse control and behavioural disorders

• • • Oppositional Defiant Disorder
    • Intermittent explosive disorder
    • Behavioural disorder
    • Antisocial personality disorder
    • Pyromania
    • Kleptomania
• Substance-related and addictive disorders
  • Substance-related disorders
    • Alcohol use disorder
    • Alcohol intoxication
    • Alcohol withdrawal
  • Caffeine-related disorders
    • • Caffeine intoxication
      • Caffeine withdrawal
  • Cannabis-related disorders
    • Cannabis use disorder
    • Cannabis intoxication
    • Cannabis withdrawal
  • Hallucinogen-related disorders
    • Phencyclidine use disorder
    • Phencyclidine poisoning
    • Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
    • Disorder from the use of other hallucinogens
  • Inhalant-related disorders
    • • Inhalant use disorder
      • Inhalation poisoning
  • Opioid-related disorders
    • Opioid Use Disorder
    • Opiate intoxication
    • Opiate withdrawal
  • Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder
  • Intoxication by sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics
  • Withdrawal from sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics
  • Stimulant-related disorders
    • Stimulant use disorder
      • Amphetamine
      • Cocaine
      • Other stimulants
    • Stimulant intoxication
    • Stimulant withdrawal
    • Tobacco-related disorders
      • Tobacco use disorder
      • Tobacco withdrawal
• Neurocognitive disorders
  • Delirium
  • Alzheimer's disease
  • Frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder
  • Neurocognitive Lewy body disorder
  • Vascular neurocognitive disorder
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Neuro-AIDS
  • Prion disease
  • Parkinson's disease
  • Huntington's disease
• Personality disorders
  • Personality disorders: Cluster A
    • Paranoid personality disorder
    • Schizoid personality disorder
    • Schizotypal personality disorder
  • Personality disorders: Cluster B
    • Antisocial personality disorder
    • Borderline personality disorder
    • Histrionic personality disorder
    • Narcissistic personality disorder
  • Personality disorders: Cluster C
    • Avoidant personality disorder
    • Dependent personality disorder
    • Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
• Paraphilic disorders
• • •  Voyeurism
    •  Exhibitionism
    •  Frotteurism
    • Sexual masochism
    • Sexual sadism
    •  Fetishism
    • Transvestism
  • Degenerative and structural disorders
    • Degenerative structural disorders
      • Degenerative disc disease
        • Lumbosacral radiculopathies
        • Cervical radiculopathies
      • Cervical spondylosis
      • Ankylosing spondylitis
    • Compressive structural disorders
      • Fibrous dysplasia
      • Paget's disease
      • Compressive neuropathies

• Storage diseases
  • Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis
  • Lipidosis
    • Gangliosidosis
    • Niemann-Pick Disease

• Cerebrosidosis
• Mucopolysaccharidosis
• Mucolipidosis
• Glycogen Storage Disease
•  Leukodystrophies
  • Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease
  • Cockayne syndrome

• Alexander Disease
• Canavan Disease
• Krabbe Disease
• Metachromatic leukodystrophy
• Peroxisomal leukodystrophy
  • Adrenoleukodystrophy

• Other lipidoses
  • Fabry disease
  • Non-infantile Refsum disease

• Abetalipoproteinemia
  • Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome

• Alpha-lipoproteinemia
  • Tangier disease
• Amino acidopathies and organic aciduria
• Hereditary disorders related to vitamin metabolism
  • Biotin-thiamine responsive basal ganglia disease
  • Vitamin B12 metabolism disorders
  • Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency
• Mitochondrial enzyme defects
  • Subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy
    • Leigh Syndrome
  • Progressive infantile poliodystrophy
    • Alper's disease
  • Lethal infant mitochondrial disease
  • Congenital lactic acidosis
  • Myoclonic Epilepsy and Irregular Red Fibre Syndrome (IRFS)
  • Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes
  • Chronic progressive external progressive ophthalmoplegia
  • Kearns-Sayre syndrome
  • Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
  • Malignant migraine
  • Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa syndrome
  • Mitochondrial myopathies
  • Reye's syndrome
• Fatty acid oxidation disorders
  • Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
  • Carnitine transport defect
  • Carnitine palmitoyl transferase II deficiency
• Other metabolic disorders
  • Transport defects
• Lesch-Nyhan Disease (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency)
• Carbohydrate-Deficienct Glycoprotein Syndrome
  • Carbohydrate-Deficient glycoprotein syndrome
  • Porphyrias
• Chromosomal abnormalities
  • Autosomal aberrations
    • Trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome)
    • Trisomy 18 (Edwards´syndrome)
    • Trisomy 13 (Patau's syndrome)
    • Prader-Willi syndrome
  • Aberrations of the sex chromosomes
    • Klinefelter's syndrome
    • XYY Syndrome
    • Turner syndrome
    • Fragile X Syndrome
  • Phakomatosis
    • Autosomal dominant diseases
      • Neurofibromatosis (Von Recklinghausen's disease)
      • Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians (hypomelanosis of Ito)
      • Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome
      • Waardenburg Syndrome
      • Von Hippel-Lindau disease
    • Autosomal recessive diseases
      • Ataxia-Telangiectasia
      • Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome
      • Refsum Syndrome
      • Rothmund-Thomson syndrome
      • Rud´s Syndrome
      • Sjögren-Larsson syndrome
      • Xeroderma pigmentosum

• X-linked inheritance
  • Fabry-Anderson disease
  • Incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome)

• Neurodegenerative dementias (neurocognitive disorders)
  • Cortical dementias
    • Alzheimer's disease
    • Asymmetric cortical degeneration syndromes

• Pick's disease

• Frontotemporal degeneration

• Subcortical dementias
  • Parkinson's-Dementia Complex
  • Multiple system atrophy

• Progressive supranuclear palsy

• Huntington's disease

• Mixed cortical-subcortical dementias
  • Corticobasal degeneration
  • Lewy body dementia
• Movement disorders
  • Hypokinetic movement disorders
    • Parkinson's disease
    • Parkinson-Plus syndromes
  • Hyperkinetic movement disorders
    • Huntington's disease
    • Chorea

• Primary dystonia

• Hallervorden-Spatz disease
• Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome
• Tics

• Stereotypies
• Restless legs syndrome

• Painful legs and moving toes syndrome
• Action tremors (trembling without rest)
• Essential tremor

• Wilson's disease
• Hemifacial spasm
• Essential myoclonus

• Startle syndromes

• Ataxias
  • Congenital ataxias
  • Hereditary ataxias
    • Autosomal dominant disorders
    • Autosomal recessive disorders
  • Idiopathic non-hereditary cerebellar ataxia
  • Symptomatic ataxias
• Degenerative motor, sensory and autonomic disorders
  • Degenerative upper and lower motor neuron disorders
    • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
    • Spinal muscular atrophies

• Hereditary spastic paraplegia

• Degenerative muscle disorders
  • Dystrophinopathy
    • Duchenne muscular dystrophy
    • Becker muscular dystrophy
  • Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies

• Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

• Scapuloperoneal syndromes
• Myotonic dystrophy
• Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy

• Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
• Distal myopathies

• Degenerative neuropathy
  • Hereditary sensory and motor neuropathy
  • Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy

• Multi-system atrophy autonomic neuropathy
  • Shy-Drager syndrome

• Hereditary non-degenerative neuromuscular disease
  • Muscular channelopathies (myotonias and periodic paralysis)
    • Sodium channelopathies
    • Chloride channelopathies

• Calcium channelopathies

• Potassium channelopathies
• Possible muscle channelopathy
  • Schwartz-Jampel syndrome
• Congenital myopathies
  • Nemaline myopathy
  • Myotubular or centronuclear myopathy
    • Central core disease
    • Congenital fibre type disproportion
  • Congenital myasthenia
  • Malignant hyperthermia
  • Familial amyloid polyneuropathy
  • Axonal neuropathy
  • Isaac's syndrome
• Endogenous metabolic disorders
  • Electrolyte disorders
    • Sodium disorders
    • Potassium disorders

• Calcium disorders

• Magnesium disorders

• Oxygen and carbon dioxide related disorders
  • Hypoventilation
  • Hypoxia

• Hypocapnia

• Endocrine disorders
  • Thyroid disorders
  • Parathyroid disorders

• Adrenal disorders

• Growth hormone disorders
• Glucose Metabolism Disorders
• Diabetes

• Organic failure
  • Liver failure
  • Renal insufficiency
• Exogenous acquired metabolic disorders of the nervous system
  • Metal poisoning
    • Arsenic
    • Inorganic lead

• Organic lead

• Manganese
• Inorganic mercury
• Organic mercury

• Aluminium
• Thallium

• Other metals

• Organic solvents
  • Mixed Solvents
  • Methyl alcohol

• Ethylene glycol

• N-hexane and methyl-N-butyl ketone
• Toluene (methylbenzene)
• Trichloroethylene

• Acetone
• Benzene

• Carbon Disulphide
• Carbon tetrachloride

• Gases
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Cyanide

• Ethylene oxide

• Nitrous oxide

• Pesticides
  • Organophosphorus insecticides
  • Organochlorine insecticides

• Methyl bromide

• Picrotoxin
• Strychnine

• Animal toxins
  • Snake, scorpion, and spider venoms
  • Tick paralysis
• Plant toxins
  • Chickpea (Lathyrism)
  • Mushrooms
• Bacterial toxins
  • Diphtheria
  • Tetanus

• Botulism

• Illicit drugs
  • Cocaine
  • Amphetamine analogues

• Ecstasy (Methylenedioxymethamphetamine)

• Opioid agonists
• Hallucinogens
• Methyl-phenyl-tetrahydropyridine

• Phencyclidine
• Cannabis (marijuana)

• Nutritional deficiencies
  • Vitamin deficiencies
    • Thiamine
    • Niacin and nicotinic acid

• Cobalamin (vitamin B12)

• Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
• Vitamins A, D, & E
• Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)

• Protein-energy malnutrition
• Alcohol-related problems
  • Acute poisoning
  • Withdrawal syndromes

• Alcoholic dementia

• Deficiency amblyopia
• Cerebellar degeneration
• Marchiafava-Bignami disease

• Alcoholic myopathy
• Alcohol-related movement disorders

• Foetal alcohol syndrome

• Viral Infections
  • RNA viruses
    • Enterovirus
    • Echovirus

• Coxsackievirus

• Poliovirus
• Mumps
• Arthropod-borne viruses

• Influenza virus
• Measles

• Arenavirus
  • Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
• Rubella
• Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

• Coronavirus

• DNA viruses
  • Herpes simplex
  • Varicella-zoster virus

• Cytomegalovirus

• Human herpesvirus 6
• Epstein-Barr Virus
• Smallpox virus
  • Smallpox

• JC Virus

• Non-Viral Infections
  • Bacterial infections
    • Acute bacterial meningitis
    • Brain abscess

• Cranial and spinal subdural empyema

• Cranial and spinal epidural abscess
• Cat scratch disease
• Whipple's disease

• Mycobacterial infections
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Mycobacterium avium complex
• Spirochetal infections
  • Neurosyphilis
  • Lyme disease
• Other tick-borne diseases
  • Ehrlichiosis
  • Rocky Mountain spotted fever

• Babesiosis

• Fungal infections
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Histoplasma capsulatum

• Coccidioides immitis

• Blastomyces dermatitidis
• Aspergillus fumigatus
• Candidiasis

• Cygomycetes

• Amoebiasis
• Neurocysticercosis
• Malaria

• Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
  • Prion disease
  • Sporadic disease
  • Family illness
  • Iatrogenic disease
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
• Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)
  • HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder
    • Septic meningitis
    • HIV-associated cognitive impairment

• HIV-associated myelopathy

• HIV-related peripheral nerve disorders
  • HIV-associated neuropathy
  • HIV-1-related myopathy
• HIV-associated neoplasms
  • Primary central nervous system lymphoma
  • Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma metastasis
• AIDS-related opportunistic infections

• Neurovascular disorders
  • Stroke
  • Atherothrombotic vascular disease
  • Occlusive disease of small penetrating arteries
  • Cerebral embolism
  • Systemic hypotension
    • Border zone infarction
  • Non-atherosclerotic occlusive diseases
  • Haemorrhagic cerebrovascular diseases
    • Primary intracerebral haemorrhage
    • Subarachnoid haemorrhage

• Arteriovenous malformations

• Traumatic neurovascular diseases
  • Carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas
  • Subdural haematomas

• Epidural haematomas

• Spinal cord stroke

• Primary brain tumours
  • Neuroectodermal neoplasm
    • Glioma, astrocytoma and low-grade pilocytic astrocytoma
    • Anaplastic astrocytoma

• Glioblastoma multiforme

• Oligodendroglioma
• Oligoastrocytoma
• Ependymoma

• Medulloblastoma
• Primary CNS lymphoma

• Nerve Sheath Tumours
  • Acoustic schwannoma
  • Trigeminal shwannoma

• Neurofibroma

• Peripheral nerve tumours

• Spinal cord tumours
• Pituitary tumours
  • Dermoid, epidermoid, and teratoma tumours
  • Pineal gland and germ cell tumours
• Haemangioblastoma
• Chordoma
• Glomus Jugulare Tumours (carotid body)
• Colloid cysts
• Choroid plexus papilloma

• Metastatic neoplasms
  • Intraparenchymal metastases
  • Meningeal and ventricular metastases
  • Skull base metastases
  • Spinal metastases
  • Peripheral nerve metastases
• Paraneoplastic syndromes
• Demyelinating diseases
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Neuromyelitis optica
  • Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
  • Acute inflammatory inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
    • Guillain-Barré Syndrome
  • Chronic inflammatory inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
  • Monoclonal gammopathies
  • Multiple myeloma
  • Waldeström's Macroglobulinemia
  • Osteosclerotic myeloma
  • Multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block
• Autoimmune and inflammatory disorders
  • Inflammatory vasculopathies: arteritis
    • Extracranial granulomatous arteritis
      • Giant cell temporal arteritis
    • Granulomatous intracranial arteritis
      • Primary angiitis

• Takayasu's arteritis

• Polyarteritis nodosa
  • Churg-Strauss syndrome
• Wegener's granulomatosis
• Vasculitis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome

• Thromboangiitis obliterans
  • Buerger's diseases

• Connective tissue disorders
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus

• Progressive systemic sclerosis

• Mixed connective tissue disease
• Sjögren's syndrome

• Myasthenia gravis
• Dermatomyositis
• Polymyositis
• Eosinophilic myositis
• Inclusion body myositis
• Behçet's disease

• Disorders caused by injury
  • Acute head injury
  • Post-concussion syndrome
  • Cranial neuropathies
  • Post-traumatic epilepsy
  • Post-traumatic movement disorders
  • Spinal cord injury
  • Whiplash injuries
  • Brachial and lumbosacral plexopathies
  • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy and causalgia
  • Mountain sickness
  • Decompression sickness
  • Injuries caused by electricity or lightning
• Epilepsy
  • Types of self-limited seizures
    • Generalised seizure
      • Grand mal seizure
      • Clonic seizure
      • Typical absence seizures
      • Atypical absence seizures
      • Myoclonic absence seizures
      • Tonic seizure
      • Spasms
      • Myoclonic seizures
      • Eyelid myoclonia
      • Myoclonic atonic seizures
      • Negative myoclonus
      • Atonic crisis
    • Focal crisis
      • Sensory Focal Crisis
      • Focal motor seizures
      • Gelastic seizures

• Hemiclonic seizures

• Secondary generalised seizures

• Types of generalised seizures
  • Generalised convulsive epilepticus
  • Generalised tonic-clonic status epilepticus
    • Clonic status epilepticus
    • Status or absence epilepticus
    • Tonic status epilepticus
    • Myoclonic status epilepticus

• Focal status epilepticus
  • Kojevnikov's continuous partial status
  • Aura continua
  • Limbic status epilepticus or psychomotor status epilepticus
  • Hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome

• Headache
  • Migraine
  • Tension headache
  • Cluster headache
  • Chronic paroxysmal haemicrania
  • Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
  • Hypotensive headache
• Cervico-facial pain
  • Trigeminal neuralgia
  • Cervicogenic headache
  • Occipital neuralgia
  • Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
  • Charytidinia